^Relative velocity
^Relative velocity Concept of relative velocity is required when some moving body is to be observed by a moving observer. Relative velocity A with respect to B means velocity of A as seen by B, & it is defined as,
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^Instantaneous acceleration
^Instantaneous acceleration Acceleration of a body is always in the direction of force acting on the body.
^Average acceleration
^Average acceleration
^Linear momentum
^Linear momentum The product of mass & linear velocity is called linear momentum, i.e. As mass is a positive scalar, thus linear momentum is always parallel to velocity.
^Brewster’s law
^Brewster’s law Brewster discovered that when ordinary light is incident on the surface of a transparent medium the reflected light is partially plane polarized. The extent of polarization depends on the angle of incidence. For a particular angle of incidence (called polarizing or Brewster angle (ip or p) 1. the reflected light is found to […]
^Malus law
^Malus law Let I0 be the intensity and ‘A’ the amplitude of the unpolarized light falling on the polarizer & θ be the angle between the pass axis of the polaroid & amplitude vector, then the component Acosθ, parallel to the pass axis (y) of polarizer passes through it & the component Asinθ, perpendicular to […]
^Light through a polarizer
^Light through a polarizer Let ordinary light propagating along +x axis falls normally on a tourmaline crystal having pass axis parallel to y axis as shown in the following diagram. On passing through the tourmaline crystal the electric field vibration parallel to pass axis are transmitted while the electric field vibration normal to pass axis […]
^How do polarisers work
^How do polarisers work A Polaroid is a thin commercial sheet containing long chain of hydrocarbons which become conducting at optical frequencies & absorb the electric field parallel to chains & transmit the electric field perpendicular to the chain length. This is why a direction perpendicular to the chain length is called the transmission axis […]
^Polarisers
^Polarisers Any device or material that plane polarizes the unpolarised light passed through it is called a polarizer. Nicol prism, Tourmaline crystal, Polaroid etc. are some commonly used Polarisers.
^Plane polarized light
^Plane polarized light If the electric field vector of a light wave vibrates just in one direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, then it is said to be linearly polarized along that direction. Human eyes can’t distinguish between an unpolarised light and a polarized light, but the eyes of a bee can.
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