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^Moving point charge

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Moving point charge

Magnetic field at point P for a point charge ‘+q’ moving with velocity is

In any arbitrary volume of conductor net negative & positive charge is equal, thus net charge enclosed for any section is zero, hence electric field outside a current carrying conductor is zero. Also if an observer moves along the free electrons of a current carrying conductor with a velocity equal to drift velocity of free electrons, then the magnetic field experienced at the observer location will be due to relative velocity of positive ions of conductor w.r.t. observer.

*Bulk properties of matter

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*Bulk properties of matter

^Sources of error

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Sources of error

  1. The jockey should not be rubbed on the wire, as this resistance of wire will not remain uniform.
  2. Current should not be allowed to flow in the wire for a long time as this by producing heat will change the resistance of the wire.
  3. The value of resistor R is so selected that the null point is in the middle of the wire. Actually by doing so the error in the measurement is minimized. Also then all the four resistors are of the same order.

^Rest & motion

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^Rest & motion

If position of body changes w.r.t. surroundings with the time then it is said to be moving otherwise at rest. Rest & motion are relative. A person sitting in a moving vehicle is at rest w.r.t. other persons in sitting same vehicle while is in motion w.r.t. other persons standing on road. If the position of a body doesn’t change with respect to all objects in the universe, then it is said to be in absolute rest. Absolute rest is impossible. If the position of a body doesn’t change with respect to one or more things in the universe, then it is said to be in relative rest. Relative rest is possible.

^Electric cell

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Electric cell

It neither creates nor destroys charge, whereas it just maintains the potential difference & organized flow of charge by supplying energy.

^Connecting or disconnecting battery

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Connecting or disconnecting battery

On disconnecting the battery charge remains constant & if the battery remains connected then potential difference across the capacitor remains constant. Using the above fact the effect of inserting a dielectric slab between plates of a capacitor can be expressed by the following table:

^Light year (ly)

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^Light year (ly)

It is the distance travelled by light in vacuum (with a speed of 3 x 108 m/s) in one year

(i.e., 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 s).

1 ly = 3 x 108 x (365 x 24 x 60 x 60) » 9.5 x 1015 m

^Limitations of dimensions

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^Limitations of dimensions

  • Dimensional analysis does not give any information about the scalar or vector nature of the quantity.
  • Dimensions for    v = u + at etc. can’t be calculated in exact form.
  • Dimensional formulae of the quantities depending on more than three variables cannot be obtained.
  • Dimensional formulae of the quantities involving trigonometric logarithmic or exponential functions cannot be calculated.
  • Value of proportionality constant can’t be calculated.

It doesn’t distinguish between the physical quantities having same dimensions.

*Dimensional Constants

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*Dimensional Constants

All constants are not dimensionless. The physical quantities which have constant values and dimensions as well are called dimensional constants.

e.g. Planck’s constant, Boltzmann’s constant & Gravitational constant etc.

*Some SI Derived units with special names

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*Some SI Derived units with special names

Quantity SI unit Symbol
Force newton N
Work joule J
Pressure, Stress pascal Pa
watt W
Angle radian rad
Frequency hertz Hz
Viscosity poiseuille Pl
Torque newton meter Nm
Electric charge coulomb C
Electrical resistance ohm W
Voltage volt V
Flux (Elec. or mag) weber Wb
Inductance henry H
Capacitance farad F
Magnetic field tesla T
Illuminance lux Lx
Luminous flux Lumen lm
Illuminance lux lx
Activity (radioactive) Becquerel Bq
Absorbed dose index Gray Gy

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